The area from New Guinea via Oceania sustains the world’s most numerous set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three teams based mostly on practical morphology: „arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), „intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and „terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps).
The arboreal and terrestrial teams are every distinctive osteologically, particularly within the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, that are brief relative to the femur within the arboreal group, and lengthy relative to the femur within the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are extra just like arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, however nonetheless slot in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships amongst or inside these three teams is considerably tentative utilizing hindlimb osteology alone, though all 5 genera of arboreal pigeons have unbiased molecular proof of relatedness, as do a lot of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Utilizing the hindlimb and different osteological information as a framework, we describe a brand new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological websites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) within the Kingdom of Tonga.
Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the „arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (usually cover frugivores) quite than with the „terrestrial” pigeons (extra ground-dwelling and granivorous) similar to Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, and so forth. (others listed above). Amongst volant columbids, residing or extinct, solely the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are bigger than Tongoenas. From a lot of the similar prehistoric websites, we additionally report new materials of the practically as massive, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy Burley, not too long ago described from islands within the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri additionally was widespread in Tonga earlier than human influence. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and different columbids undoubtedly had a detrimental influence on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest bushes. At first human contact about 2850 years in the past, no less than 9 species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, the place solely 4 species in three genera exist in the present day.
Biogeographic problem-solving reveals the Late Pleistocene translocation of a short-faced bear to the California Channel Islands
An correct understanding of biodiversity of the previous is crucial for contextualizing biodiversity patterns and developments within the current. Rising methods are refining our potential to decipher in any other case cryptic human-mediated species translocations throughout the Quaternary, but these methods are sometimes utilized in isolation, quite than a part of an interdisciplinary hypothesis-testing toolkit, limiting their scope and utility. Right here we illustrate using such an integrative method and report the incidence of North America’s largest terrestrial mammalian carnivore, the short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from Daisy Cave (CA-SMI-261), an vital early human occupation web site on the California Channel Islands.
We recognized the specimen by corroborating morphological, protein, and mitogenomic traces of proof, and evaluated the potential pure and anthropogenic mechanisms of its transport and deposition. Whereas representing only a single specimen, our mixture of methods opened a window into the habits of an enigmatic species, suggesting that A. simus was a wide-ranging scavenger using terrestrial and marine carcasses. This discovery highlights the utility of bridging archaeological and paleontological datasets to disentangle advanced biogeographic situations and reveal sudden biodiversity for island methods worldwide.
A Whole-Proof Dated Phylogeny of Echinoidea Combining Phylogenomic and Paleontological Information
Phylogenomic and paleontological information represent complementary assets for unravelling the phylogenetic relationships and divergence occasions of lineages, but few research have tried to totally combine them. A number of distinctive properties of echinoids (sea urchins) make them particularly helpful for such synthetizing approaches, together with a exceptional fossil report that may be integrated into specific phylogenetic hypotheses. We revisit the phylogeny of crown group Echinoidea utilizing a total-evidence relationship method that mixes the biggest phylogenomic dataset for the clade, a large-scale morphological matrix with a dense fossil sampling, and a novel compendium of tip and node age constraints.
A2M siRNA (Mouse) |
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| MBS8229667-5x30nmol | MyBiosource | 5x30nmol | 2450 EUR |
A2M siRNA (Human) |
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| MBS8223591-15nmol | MyBiosource | 15nmol | 405 EUR |
A2M siRNA (Human) |
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| MBS8223591-30nmol | MyBiosource | 30nmol | 565 EUR |
A2M siRNA (Human) |
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| MBS8223591-5x30nmol | MyBiosource | 5x30nmol | 2450 EUR |
A2m (Rat) - 3 unique 27mer siRNA duplexes - 2 nmol each |
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| SR502739 | Origene Technologies GmbH | 2 nmol | Ask for price |
A2M (Human) - 3 unique 27mer siRNA duplexes - 2 nmol each |
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| SR300002 | Origene Technologies GmbH | 2 nmol | Ask for price |
A2m (Mouse) - 3 unique 27mer siRNA duplexes - 2 nmol each |
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| SR422902 | Origene Technologies GmbH | 2 nmol | Ask for price |
A2M |
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| E8ET1703-69 | EnoGene | 100ul | 275 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M |
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| MBS8534471-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 345 EUR |
A2M |
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| MBS8534471-01mLAF405L | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405L) | 565 EUR |
A2M |
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| MBS8534471-01mLAF405S | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405S) | 565 EUR |
A2M |
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| MBS8534471-01mLAF610 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF610) | 565 EUR |
A2M |
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| MBS8534471-01mLAF635 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF635) | 565 EUR |
A2M |
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| pro-551 | ProSpec Tany | 200µg | 100 EUR |
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Description: Human Alpha-2 Macroglobulin Protein |
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A1M siRNA (Rat) |
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| MBS8237578-15nmol | MyBiosource | 15nmol | 405 EUR |
A1M siRNA (Rat) |
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| MBS8237578-30nmol | MyBiosource | 30nmol | 565 EUR |
A1M siRNA (Rat) |
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| MBS8237578-5x30nmol | MyBiosource | 5x30nmol | 2450 EUR |
Mouse A2MP siRNA |
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| 20-abx906227 | Abbexa |
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A2MP siRNA (Mouse) |
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| MBS8224766-15nmol | MyBiosource | 15nmol | 405 EUR |
A2MP siRNA (Mouse) |
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| MBS8224766-30nmol | MyBiosource | 30nmol | 565 EUR |
A2MP siRNA (Mouse) |
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| MBS8224766-5x30nmol | MyBiosource | 5x30nmol | 2450 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| ABD6469 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | 525.6 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| ABD8174 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | 525.6 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| ABD8176 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | 525.6 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| 70R-15491 | Fitzgerald | 50 ul | 289 EUR |
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Description: Rabbit polyclonal A2M antibody |
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A2M antibody |
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| 20-S0403GND1-D0 | Fitzgerald | 10 ml | 90 EUR |
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Description: Goat polyclonal Human alpha 2 Macroglobulin antibody |
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A2M antibody |
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| 20-S0411G000-V0 | Fitzgerald | 10 ml | 75 EUR |
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Description: Goat polyclonal Human alpha 2 Macroglobulin antibody |
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A2M antibody |
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| 20-S5040G000-S4 | Fitzgerald | 10 ml | 95 EUR |
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Description: Goat polyclonal Human alpha 2 Macroglobulin antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| 49482 | SAB | 100ul | 499 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 49482-100ul | SAB | 100ul | 399.6 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 49482-50ul | SAB | 50ul | 286.8 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 32318 | SAB | 100ul | 439 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 32318-100ul | SAB | 100ul | 302.4 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 43304 | SAB | 100ul | 319 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 43304-100ul | SAB | 100ul | 302.4 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| 1-CSB-PA14579A0Rb | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against A2M. Recognizes A2M from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200 |
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A2M Antibody |
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| 1-CSB-PA001004GA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against A2M. Recognizes A2M from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC |
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A2M Antibody |
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| 1-CSB-PA005597 | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against A2M. Recognizes A2M from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.ELISA:1/20000 |
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A2M Antibody |
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| 1-CSB-PA008007 | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against A2M. Recognizes A2M from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/40000 |
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A2M Antibody |
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| E043304 | EnoGene | 100μg/100μl | 255 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Antibody |
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| E91573 | EnoGene | 100ul | 255 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Antibody |
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| E38PA3742 | EnoGene | 100ul | 225 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Antibody |
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| E19-8174-1 | EnoGene | 50ug/50ul | 145 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Antibody |
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| E19-8174-2 | EnoGene | 100ug/100ul | 225 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Antibody |
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| GWB-MV529G | GenWay Biotech | 50ug | Ask for price |
A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M07B01C-100ug | Absea Biotechnology | 100 ug | 360 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M07B01C-1mg | Absea Biotechnology | 1 mg | 1800 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M07B01C-50ug | Absea Biotechnology | 50 ug | 252 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M09A06C-100ug | Absea Biotechnology | 100 ug | 360 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M09A06C-1mg | Absea Biotechnology | 1 mg | 1800 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M09A06C-50ug | Absea Biotechnology | 50 ug | 252 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M11H11C-100ug | Absea Biotechnology | 100 ug | 360 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M11H11C-1mg | Absea Biotechnology | 1 mg | 1800 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M11H11C-50ug | Absea Biotechnology | 50 ug | 252 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M15C01C-100ug | Absea Biotechnology | 100 ug | 360 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M15C01C-1mg | Absea Biotechnology | 1 mg | 1800 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| K11079M15C01C-50ug | Absea Biotechnology | 50 ug | 252 EUR |
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Description: Monoclonal Antibody |
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A2M Antibody |
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| MBS2516636-006mL | MyBiosource | 0.06mL | 190 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS2516636-012mL | MyBiosource | 0.12mL | 265 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS2516636-02mL | MyBiosource | 0.2mL | 415 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS2516636-5x02mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.2mL | 1835 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7045372-005mg | MyBiosource | 0.05mg | 190 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7045372-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 270 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7045372-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 1205 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7117587-005mg | MyBiosource | 0.05mg | 150 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7117587-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 190 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7117587-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 845 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7119137-005mg | MyBiosource | 0.05mg | 150 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7119137-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 190 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS7119137-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 845 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8517402-005mg | MyBiosource | 0.05mg | 235 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8517402-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 305 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8517402-01mLAF405M | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405M) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8517402-01mLAF546 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF546) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8517402-01mLAF750 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF750) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8505919-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 325 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8505919-01mLAF405L | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405L) | 565 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8505919-01mLAF405S | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405S) | 565 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8505919-01mLAF610 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF610) | 565 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8505919-01mLAF635 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF635) | 565 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS832158-10mL | MyBiosource | 10mL | 200 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS832158-5x10mL | MyBiosource | 5x10mL | 740 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS834992-10mL | MyBiosource | 10mL | 180 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS834992-5x10mL | MyBiosource | 5x10mL | 665 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS835452-10mL | MyBiosource | 10mL | 195 EUR |
A2M antibody |
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| MBS835452-5x10mL | MyBiosource | 5x10mL | 720 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8582132-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8582132-01mLAF405L | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405L) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8582132-01mLAF405S | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405S) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8582132-01mLAF610 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF610) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS8582132-01mLAF635 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF635) | 465 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9607125-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 260 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9607125-02mL | MyBiosource | 0.2mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9607125-5x02mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.2mL | 1220 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9507360-005mL | MyBiosource | 0.05mL | 285 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9507360-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 385 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9507360-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 1590 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9608604-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 260 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9608604-02mL | MyBiosource | 0.2mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9608604-5x02mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.2mL | 1220 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9408464-005mL | MyBiosource | 0.05mL | 300 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9408464-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 390 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9408464-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 1610 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9436227-005mL | MyBiosource | 0.05mL | 325 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9436227-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 435 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9436227-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 1810 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9415579-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Antibody |
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| MBS9415579-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 1230 EUR |
A2M (untagged)-Human alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) |
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| SC110817 | Origene Technologies GmbH | 10 µg | Ask for price |
A2M (GFP-tagged) - Human alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) |
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| RG207905 | Origene Technologies GmbH | 10 µg | Ask for price |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A1573-100ul | Abclonal | 100 ul | 369.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A1573-200ul | Abclonal | 200 ul | 550.8 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A1573-20ul | Abclonal | 20 ul | 219.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A1573-50ul | Abclonal | 50 ul | 267.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit mAb |
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| 59414 | SAB | 100ul | 339 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A16336-100ul | Abclonal | 100 ul | 369.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A16336-200ul | Abclonal | 200 ul | 550.8 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A16336-20ul | Abclonal | 20 ul | 219.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| A16336-50ul | Abclonal | 50 ul | 267.6 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| E2381807 | EnoGene | 100ul | 225 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| E2501573 | EnoGene | 100ul | 225 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| E2516336 | EnoGene | 100ul | 225 EUR |
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Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
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A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8543271-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8543271-01mLAF405L | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405L) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8543271-01mLAF405S | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405S) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8543271-01mLAF610 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF610) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8543271-01mLAF635 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF635) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8544452-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 305 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8544452-01mLAF405L | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405L) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8544452-01mLAF405S | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF405S) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8544452-01mLAF610 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF610) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8544452-01mLAF635 | MyBiosource | 0.1mL(AF635) | 565 EUR |
A2M Rabbit pAb |
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| MBS8550300-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 305 EUR |
To this finish, we develop a novel technique for subsampling phylogenomic datasets that selects loci with excessive phylogenetic sign, low systematic biases and enhanced clock-like habits. Our outcomes reveal that combining totally different information sources will increase topological accuracy and helps resolve conflicts between molecular and morphological information. Notably, we current a brand new speculation for the origin of sand {dollars}, and restructure the relationships between stem and crown echinoids in a means that means a protracted stretch of undiscovered evolutionary historical past of the crown group within the late Paleozoic. Our efforts assist bridge the hole between phylogenomics and phylogenetic paleontology, offering a mannequin instance of the advantages of mixing the 2.